„Maður“: Munur á milli breytinga
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Ættkvíslin ''[[Homo]]'' þróaðist út frá ættkvísl [[suðurapar|suðurapa]] (''[[Australopithecus]]''). Elstu steingerðu leifar manna eru um 2,8 milljón ára gamlar ([[LD 350-1]]) frá Eþíópíu. Elstu tegundirnar sem lýst hefur verið eru ''[[Homo habilis]]'' og ''[[Homo rudolfensis]]'' sem komu fram á sjónarsviðið fyrir 2,3 milljón árum. Tegundin kemur fram samhliða þróun [[steinverkfæri|verkfæra úr steini]].<ref name=Villmoare2015>{{cite journal |first=B. |last1=Villmoare |first2=W. H. |last2=Kimbel |first3=C. |last3=Seyoum |display-authors=et al. |year=2015 |title=Early ''Homo'' at 2.8 Ma from Ledi-Geraru, Afar, Ethiopia |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=347 |issue=6228 |pages=1352–1355 |doi=10.1126/science.aaa1343 |pmid=25739410 |bibcode=2015Sci...347.1352V |doi-access=free}}</ref> Tegundin ''[[Homo erectus]]'' („hinn upprétti maður“) varð til fyrir 2 milljónum ára og var fyrsti [[frummaður]]inn sem flakkaði frá Afríku og dreifðist um Evrasíu.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Zhu|first1=Zhaoyu|last2=Dennell|first2=Robin|last3=Huang|first3=Weiwen|last4=Wu|first4=Yi|last5=Qiu|first5=Shifan|last6=Yang|first6=Shixia|last7=Rao|first7=Zhiguo|last8=Hou|first8=Yamei|last9=Xie|first9=Jiubing|last10=Han|first10=Jiangwei|last11=Ouyang|first11=Tingping|s2cid=49670311|date=2018|title=Hominin occupation of the Chinese Loess Plateau since about 2.1 million years ago|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0299-4|journal=Nature|volume=559|issue=7715|pages=608–612|bibcode=2018Natur.559..608Z|doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0299-4|pmid=29995848}}</ref> ''H. erectus'' var líka fyrsti maðurinn með einkennandi [[líkamsbygging]]u manna. ''H. sapiens'' þróaðist fyrir 300.000 árum út frá eldri manntegund sem er kölluð ýmist ''[[Homo heidelbergensis]]'' eða ''[[Homo rhodesiensis]]'', afkomanda ''H. erectus'' í Afríku. ''H. sapiens'' breiddist út frá Afríku og lagði smátt og smátt undir sig búsvæði eldri manntegunda.<ref>{{cite journal|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|date=May 13, 2005|title=Out of Africa Revisited|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|type=This Week in ''Science''|volume=308|issue=5724|page=921|doi=10.1126/science.308.5724.921g|issn=0036-8075|s2cid=220100436}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Stringer C | title = Human evolution: Out of Ethiopia | journal = Nature | volume = 423 | issue = 6941 | pages = 692–3, 695 | date = Júní 2003 | pmid = 12802315 | doi = 10.1038/423692a | bibcode = 2003Natur.423..692S | s2cid = 26693109 | author-link = Chris Stringer }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| vauthors = Johanson D |author-link=Donald Johanson|date=May 2001|title=Origins of Modern Humans: Multiregional or Out of Africa?|url=http://www.actionbioscience.org/evolution/johanson.html|access-date=23. nóvember 2009|website=[[actionbioscience]]|publisher=[[American Institute of Biological Sciences]]|location=Washington, DC}}</ref>
Útbreiðsla ''H. sapiens'' virðist hafa farið fram í minnst tveimur „bylgjum“, fyrst fyrir 130 til 100.000 árum, og síðan fyrir um 70 til 50.000 árum.<ref name="Posth">{{cite journal | vauthors = Posth C, Renaud G, Mittnik A, Drucker DG, Rougier H, Cupillard C, Valentin F, Thevenet C, Furtwängler A, Wißing C, Francken M, Malina M, Bolus M, Lari M, Gigli E, Capecchi G, Crevecoeur I, Beauval C, Flas D, Germonpré M, van der Plicht J, Cottiaux R, Gély B, Ronchitelli A, Wehrberger K, Grigorescu D, Svoboda J, Semal P, Caramelli D, Bocherens H, Harvati K, Conard NJ, Haak W, Powell A, Krause J | display-authors = 6 | title = Pleistocene Mitochondrial Genomes Suggest a Single Major Dispersal of Non-Africans and a Late Glacial Population Turnover in Europe | journal = Current Biology | volume = 26 | issue = 6 | pages = 827–33 | date = Mars 2016 | pmid = 26853362 | doi = 10.1016/j.cub.2016.01.037 | hdl-access = free | s2cid = 140098861 | hdl = 2440/114930 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Karmin M, Saag L, Vicente M, Wilson Sayres MA, Järve M, Talas UG, Rootsi S, Ilumäe AM, Mägi R, Mitt M, Pagani L, Puurand T, Faltyskova Z, Clemente F, Cardona A, Metspalu E, Sahakyan H, Yunusbayev B, Hudjashov G, DeGiorgio M, Loogväli EL, Eichstaedt C, Eelmets M, Chaubey G, Tambets K, Litvinov S, Mormina M, Xue Y, Ayub Q, Zoraqi G, Korneliussen TS, Akhatova F, Lachance J, Tishkoff S, Momynaliev K, Ricaut FX, Kusuma P, Razafindrazaka H, Pierron D, Cox MP, Sultana GN, Willerslev R, Muller C, Westaway M, Lambert D, Skaro V, Kovačevic L, Turdikulova S, Dalimova D, Khusainova R, Trofimova N, Akhmetova V, Khidiyatova I, Lichman DV, Isakova J, Pocheshkhova E, Sabitov Z, Barashkov NA, Nymadawa P, Mihailov E, Seng JW, Evseeva I, Migliano AB, Abdullah S, Andriadze G, Primorac D, Atramentova L, Utevska O, Yepiskoposyan L, Marjanovic D, Kushniarevich A, Behar DM, Gilissen C, Vissers L, Veltman JA, Balanovska E, Derenko M, Malyarchuk B, Metspalu A, Fedorova S, Eriksson A, Manica A, Mendez FL, Karafet TM, Veeramah KR, Bradman N, Hammer MF, Osipova LP, Balanovsky O, Khusnutdinova EK, Johnsen K, Remm M, Thomas MG, Tyler-Smith C, Underhill PA, Willerslev E, Nielsen R, Metspalu M, Villems R, Kivisild T | display-authors = 6 | title = A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture | journal = Genome Research | volume = 25 | issue = 4 | pages = 459–66 | date = Apríl 2015 | pmid = 25770088 | pmc = 4381518 | doi = 10.1101/gr.186684.114 }}</ref> Tegundin nam land á flestum stórum eyjum og meginlöndum og kom til Ástralíu fyrir 65.000 árum,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Clarkson C, Jacobs Z, Marwick B, Fullagar R, Wallis L, Smith M, Roberts RG, Hayes E, Lowe K, Carah X, Florin SA, McNeil J, Cox D, Arnold LJ, Hua Q, Huntley J, Brand HE, Manne T, Fairbairn A, Shulmeister J, Lyle L, Salinas M, Page M, Connell K, Park G, Norman K, Murphy T, Pardoe C | display-authors = 6 | title = Human occupation of northern Australia by 65,000 years ago | journal = Nature | volume = 547 | issue = 7663 | pages = 306–310 | date = Júlí 2017 | pmid = 28726833 | doi = 10.1038/nature22968 | bibcode = 2017Natur.547..306C | s2cid = 205257212 | hdl = 2440/107043 }}</ref> Ameríku fyrir um 15.000 árum, og náði fjarlægum eyjum eins og [[Hawaii]], [[Páskaeyja|Páskaeyju]], [[Madagaskar]], [[Ísland]]i og [[Nýja-Sjáland]]i milli 300 f.o.t. og 1250 e.o.t.<ref name="Lowe">{{cite web| vauthors = Lowe DJ |year=2008|title=Polynesian settlement of New Zealand and the impacts of volcanism on early Maori society: an update|url=http://researchcommons.waikato.ac.nz/bitstream/10289/2690/1/Lowe%202008%20Polynesian%20settlement%20guidebook.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100522032853/http://researchcommons.waikato.ac.nz/bitstream/10289/2690/1/Lowe%202008%20Polynesian%20settlement%20guidebook.pdf|archive-date=22. maí 2010|access-date=29. apríl 2010|publisher=University of Waikato}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Appenzeller T | title = Human migrations: Eastern odyssey | journal = Nature | volume = 485 | issue = 7396 | pages = 24–6 | date = maí 2012 | pmid = 22552074 | doi = 10.1038/485024a | bibcode = 2012Natur.485...24A | doi-access = free }}</ref>
Þróun mannsins var ekki línuleg og fólst meðal annars í blöndun milli frummanna og nútímamanna.<ref name="pmid21179161"/><ref>{{cite journal | url = http://www.grochbiology.org/EarlyHominidInterbreeding.pdf | title = Human Hybrids | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180824034550/http://www.grochbiology.org/EarlyHominidInterbreeding.pdf| archive-date=24. ágúst 2018 | vauthors = Hammer MF | journal = Scientific American | date = maí 2013 | volume = 308 | issue = 5 | pages = 66–71 | doi = 10.1038/scientificamerican0513-66 | pmid = 23627222 | bibcode = 2013SciAm.308e..66H }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Yong E |date=júlí 2011|title=Mosaic humans, the hybrid species|journal=New Scientist |volume=211 |issue=2823 |pages=34–38|bibcode=2011NewSc.211...34Y|doi=10.1016/S0262-4079(11)61839-3}}</ref> Erfðarannsóknir hafa sýnt fram á að blöndun milli tiltölulega aðskildra þróunarlína manntegunda hafi verið algeng í þróunarsögunni.<ref name="Ackermann 2015">{{cite journal| vauthors = Ackermann RR, Mackay A, Arnold ML |date=október 2015|title=The Hybrid Origin of "Modern" Humans|journal=Evolutionary Biology|volume=43|issue=1|pages=1–11|doi=10.1007/s11692-015-9348-1|s2cid=14329491}}</ref> Þessar rannsóknir benda til þess að erfðaefni frá neanderdalsmönnum sé til staðar í öllum hópum manna utan Afríku og að allt að 6% erfðaefnis nútímamanna sé komið frá frummönnum.<ref name="pmid21179161">{{cite journal | vauthors = Reich D, Green RE, Kircher M, Krause J, Patterson N, Durand EY, Viola B, Briggs AW, Stenzel U, Johnson PL, Maricic T, Good JM, Marques-Bonet T, Alkan C, Fu Q, Mallick S, Li H, Meyer M, Eichler EE, Stoneking M, Richards M, Talamo S, Shunkov MV, Derevianko AP, Hublin JJ, Kelso J, Slatkin M, Pääbo S | display-authors = 6 | title = Genetic history of an archaic hominin group from Denisova Cave in Siberia | journal = Nature | volume = 468 | issue = 7327 | pages = 1053–60 | date = desember 2010 | pmid = 21179161 | pmc = 4306417 | doi = 10.1038/nature09710 | bibcode = 2010Natur.468.1053R | hdl = 10230/25596 | author-link1 = David Reich (geneticist) }}</ref><ref name="pmid20439435">{{cite journal | vauthors = Noonan JP | title = Neanderthal genomics and the evolution of modern humans | journal = Genome Research | volume = 20 | issue = 5 | pages = 547–53 | date = May 2010 | pmid = 20439435 | pmc = 2860157 | doi = 10.1101/gr.076000.108 }}</ref><ref name="10.1126/science.1209202">{{cite journal | vauthors = Abi-Rached L, Jobin MJ, Kulkarni S, McWhinnie A, Dalva K, Gragert L, Babrzadeh F, Gharizadeh B, Luo M, Plummer FA, Kimani J, Carrington M, Middleton D, Rajalingam R, Beksac M, Marsh SG, Maiers M, Guethlein LA, Tavoularis S, Little AM, Green RE, Norman PJ, Parham P | display-authors = 6 | title = The shaping of modern human immune systems by multiregional admixture with archaic humans | journal = Science | volume = 334 | issue = 6052 | pages = 89–94 | date = október 2011 | pmid = 21868630 | pmc = 3677943 | doi = 10.1126/science.1209202 | bibcode = 2011Sci...334...89A }}</ref>
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