„Afganistan“: Munur á milli breytinga
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==Landfræði==
[[Mynd:Afghan topo en.jpg|thumb|Afganistan, sléttlendi og fjalllendi.]]
Afganistan er á milli Suður- og Mið-Asíu.<ref name="South Asia">* {{cite web |url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/ofr-97-470/OF97-470C/asiaGmap.html |title=U.S. maps |publisher=Pubs.usgs.gov |access-date=19 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225134851/http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/ofr-97-470/OF97-470C/asiaGmap.html |archive-date=25 December 2013 }}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/region/sar |title=South Asia: Data, Projects, and Research |access-date=2 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150301035209/http://www.worldbank.org/en/region/sar |archive-date=1 March 2015 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/ofr-97-470/OF97-470C/asiaGmap.html |title=MAPS SHOWING GEOLOGY, OIL AND GAS FIELDS AND GEOLOGICAL PROVINCES OF SOUTH ASIA (Includes Afghanistan) |access-date=2 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225134851/http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1997/ofr-97-470/OF97-470C/asiaGmap.html |archive-date=25 December 2013 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |url=http://jsis.washington.edu/advise/catalog/soasia-b.html |title=University of Washington Jackson School of International Studies: The South Asia Center |access-date=2 March 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402100846/http://jsis.washington.edu/advise/catalog/soasia-b.html |archive-date=2 April 2015 }}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.maxwell.syr.edu/moynihan/programs/sac/ |title=Syracruse University: The South Asia Center |date=26 March 2013 |access-date=2 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150326065054/http://www.maxwell.syr.edu/moynihan/programs/sac/ |archive-date=26 March 2015 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.ii.umich.edu/csas |title=Center for South Asian studies |access-date=2 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071211204817/http://www.ii.umich.edu/csas/ |archive-date=11 December 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="UNdata">{{cite web |url=http://millenniumindicators.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm#asia |title=Composition of macro geographical (continental) regions, geographical sub-regions, and selected economic and other groupings |publisher=[[UNdata]] | date=26 April 2011 |access-date=13 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713041240/http://millenniumindicators.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm |archive-date=13 July 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/7798/Afghanistan |title=Afghanistan |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100225235842/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/7798/Afghanistan |archive-date=25 February 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Tan |first1=Anjelica |title=A new strategy for Central Asia |url=https://thehill.com/opinion/international/483511-a-new-strategy-for-central-asia |work=TheHill |date=18 February 2020 |quote=, as Afghan President Ashraf Ghani has noted, Afghanistan is itself a Central Asian country.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Afghanistan {{!}} meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary |publisher=Cambridge University |isbn=9781107619500 |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/afghanistan }}</ref> Landsvæðið hefur verið nefnt „krossgötur Asíu“<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GB-JV2eOr2UC&pg=PA257|title=Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia|first=Jason|last=Neelis|date=19 November 2010|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-9004181595}}</ref> og „hjarta Asíu“.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cemml.colostate.edu/cultural/09476/afgh01.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=17 June 2020 |archive-date=30 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200830013605/https://www.cemml.colostate.edu/cultural/09476/afgh01.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Úrdú]]skáldið [[Allama Iqbal]] skrifaði eitt sinn um Afganistan:<br />{{quote|Asía er líkami úr vatni og jörð, og afganska þjóðin er hjarta hennar. Úr ósætti þeirra kemur ósætti Asíu; og úr sáttum þeirra koma sættir Asíu.}}
Landið er rúmlega 650.000 km² að stærð<ref>{{cite web|title=Land area (sq. km) |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.TOTL.K2 |work=World Development Indicators |publisher=World Bank |access-date=13 October 2011 |year=2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029185313/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.TOTL.K2 |archive-date=29 October 2013 }}</ref> og er [[Listi yfir lönd eftir stærð|41. stærsta land heims]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2147.html#af |title=CIA Factbook – Area: 41 |publisher=CIA | date=26 November 1991 |access-date=4 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131115000/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2147.html |archive-date=31 January 2014 }}</ref> örlítið stærra en Frakkland og minna en Mjanmar, og svipað og Texas að stærð. Afganistan er [[landlukt land]], og lengstu landamæri þess er [[Durandlínan]] sem liggur að Pakistan í austri og suðri. Indland gerir tilkall til þess að eiga landamæri að Afganistan við [[Kasmír]] sem er undir yfirráðum Pakistana.<ref>https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/BMIntro-1011.pdf</ref> Frá suðvestri á Afganistan landamæri að írönsku héruðunum [[Sistan og Balúkestan]], [[Suður-Kórasan]] og [[Razavi-Kórasan]]; túrkmensku héruðunum [[Ahal-hérað]]i, [[Mary-hérað]]i og [[Lebap-hérað]]i; úsbekska héraðinu [[Surxondaryo-hérað]]i; tadsikísku héruðunum [[Khatlon-hérað]]i og [[Gorno-Badaksjan]]; kínverska héraðinu [[Xinjiang]]; og pakistönsku héruðunum [[Gilgit-Baltistan]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] og [[Balúkistan (Pakistan)|Balúkistan]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Cary Gladstone|title=Afghanistan Revisited|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aH_KCWVB6W0C&pg=PA121|year=2001|publisher=Nova Publishers|isbn=978-1-59033-421-8|page=121}}</ref>
Landfræði Afganistan er fjölbreytt en landið er að mestu fjalllent, með nokkrum óvenjulegum fjallgörðum, hásléttum og árdölum.<ref name="auto7">{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LclscNCTz9oC&pg=PA59|title=The Far East and Australasia 2003|date=2002|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=9781857431339|chapter=Afghanistan: Physical and Social Geography|last=Fisher|first=W. B.|pages=59–60}}</ref> Stærsti fjallgarðurinn er [[Hindu Kush]], vestasti hluti [[Himalajafjöll|Himalajafjalla]] sem teygir sig að austurhluta [[Tíbet]] um [[Pamírfjöll]] og [[Karakoramfjöll]] í norðausturhluta Afganistan. Flestir hæstu tindarnir eru í austurhlutanum, og þar eru frjósamir fjalldalir. Hindu Kush nær að miðvesturhálendinu og skilur milli háslétta í norðri og suðvestri, [[Turkestan]]-sléttunnar og [[Sistan-dældin|Sistan-dældarinnar]]. Graslendi, hálfeyðimerkur og heitar, vindasamar eyðimerkur, einkenna þessi landsvæði.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l_AdBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT26|title=Afghanistan|first=Kim|last=Whitehead|date=21 October 2014|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=9781633559899}}</ref> Á belti milli héraðanna [[Nurestan]] og [[Paktika]] eru skógar,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cropwatch.unl.edu/documents/Forests%20of%20Afghanistan.pdf |title=Forests of Afghanistan |website=cropwatch.unl.edu |access-date=28 June 2021 }}</ref> og í norðausturhlutanum er [[túndra]]. Hæsti tindur landsins er [[Noshaq]], 7.492 metrar á hæð.<ref name="Factbook"/> Lægsti punkturinn er við árbakka Amu Darya í [[Jowzjan-hérað]]i, 258 metrar yfir sjávarmáli.
Þrátt fyrir fjölmargar ár og [[miðlunarlón]] eru stórir hlutar landsins þurrir. Sistan-dældin er með þurrustu svæðum jarðar.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/sistan.pdf |title=History of Environmental Change in the Sistan Basin 1976–2005 |access-date=20 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070807214557/http://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/sistan.pdf |archive-date=7 August 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> Helsta áin í Sistan-dældinni er [[Helmand-á]]. Áin [[Amu Darya]] rennur úr norðurhluta Hindu Kush, en [[Hari Rud]] rennur í vestur í átt til [[Herat]], og [[Arghandab-á]] frá miðhéruðunum í suður. Sunnan og vestan við Hindu Kush renna margar ár sem koma saman í [[Indusfljót]]i,<ref name="auto7"/> eins og [[Kabúlá]] sem rennur í austur og sameinast Indusfljóti í Pakistan.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.afghanistans.com/Information/RiversLakes.htm|title=Afghanistan Rivers Lakes – Afghanistan's Web Site|website=www.afghanistans.com}}</ref> Mikil snjókoma fellur í Hindu Kush og Pamírfjöllum á veturna, og á vorin rennur snjóbráðin í ár, vötn og læki.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/view.php?id=16066 |title=Snow in Afghanistan: Natural Hazards |publisher=NASA | date=3 February 2006 |access-date=6 May 2012|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235107/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/view.php?id=16066 |archive-date=30 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/afghanistan-snow-idINDEE80H0BR20120118 |work=Reuters |title=Snow may end Afghan drought, but bitter winter looms | date=18 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233432/http://in.reuters.com/article/2012/01/18/afghanistan-snow-idINDEE80H0BR20120118 |archive-date=30 December 2013 }}</ref> Tveir þriðju hlutar þess vatns sem á upptök sín í Afganistan rennur inn í nágrannalöndin, Íran, Pakistan og Túrkmenistan. Árið 2010 kom fram að afganska ríkið þyrfti yfir 2 milljarða bandaríkjadala til að bæta áveitukerfin svo hægt væri að stýra vatnsflæðinu.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-South-Central/2010/0615/Afghanistan-s-woeful-water-management-delights-neighbors |title=Afghanistan's woeful water management delights neighbors |work=The Christian Science Monitor | date=15 June 2010 |access-date=14 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101114131338/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-South-Central/2010/0615/Afghanistan-s-woeful-water-management-delights-neighbors |archive-date=14 November 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref>
Norðausturhluti Hindu Kush-fjallgarðsins, í [[Badaksjanhérað]]i í Afganistan, eiga sér margir jarðskjálftar stað á hverju ári.<ref name="crone2007">{{cite web|last=Crone |first=Anthony J. |title=Earthquakes Pose a Serious Hazard in Afghanistan |url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2007/3027/pdf/FS07-3027_508.pdf |publisher=[[US Geological Survey]] |access-date=14 October 2011 |id=Fact Sheet FS 2007–3027 | date=April 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727072311/http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2007/3027/pdf/FS07-3027_508.pdf |archive-date=27 July 2013 }}</ref> Þeir geta valdið eyðileggingu og dauða og orsakað [[skriða|skriður]] og [[snjóflóð]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Earthquake Hazards |url=http://afghanistan.cr.usgs.gov/earthquake-hazards |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004040745/http://afghanistan.cr.usgs.gov/earthquake-hazards |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 October 2011 |work=USGS Projects in Afghanistan |publisher=US Geological Survey |access-date=13 October 2011 | date=1 August 2011 }}</ref> Síðasti stóri jarðskjálftinn reið yfir árið 1998 og olli 6.000 dauðsföllum í Badaksjan við landamærin að Tadsíkistan.<ref name="bbcquake2010">{{cite news |title='Seven dead' as earthquake rocks Afghanistan |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8628901.stm |access-date=13 October 2011 |newspaper=BBC News | date=19 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231000835/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8628901.stm |archive-date=31 December 2013 }}</ref> Yfir 150 létust í jarðskjálftum árið 2002 og 11 fórust í jarðskjálfta árið 2010.
==Stjórnmál==
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